• 539 BC — Babylon is conquered by Cyrus, defeating Nabonidus; noted in such documents as that of Africanus, Ptolemy, Eusebius, and Diodorus.
• 537 BC — SEVENTY years of Babylonian captivity were over. Babylonian conquerer Cyrus, king of Persia, was letting the Jews return home. But once back in the Promised Land (537 BCE), their hope of enjoying self-determination as a free nation went unrealized. They had no king, and the political authority of their governors was soon eclipsed by the religious authority of the high priest, who came to be viewed as head of the nation. The Jews begin rebuilding the Second Temple seventy years after the destruction of the First Temple, from 520–516 BC; This account is noted in the Old Testament of the Bible at 2 Chronicles 36:20-23 and Ezra 1:1-5. A few months before 537 BCE, in 538 BCE also begins the reign of the Medo-Persian King Cyrus the Great, according to Biblical writer of 2 Chronicles 36:22.
• 536 BC — According to tradition, the Biblical prophet Daniel receives an angelic visitor. see Daniel 10:4;
• 534 BC
  • Lucius Tarquinius Superbus becomes seventh King of Rome, after murdering the sixth king Servius Tullius.
  • Competitions for tragedy are instituted at the City Dionysia festival in Athens.
• 530 BC
  • Cyrus II dies.
  • Cambyses starts to rule in Persia.
  • Royal Arch Masons take this year as the epoch for dating their documents Anno Inventionis after the beginning of the Second Temple by Zerubbabel.
• c. 530 BC — Temple of Apollo at Delphi is built.
• c. 530 BC — Peplos Kore, from the Acropolis, Athens, is made. It is now at Acropolis Museum, Athens.
• c. 530 BC — Kroisos(?) Kuoros, from a cemetery at Anavysos, near Athens is made. It is now at National Archaeological Museum, Athens.
• c. 530 BC — 525 BC — Siphnian Treasury, Delphi, is built.
• c. 530 BC — 525 BC — Battle between the Gods and the Giants, fragments of the north frieze of the Siphnian Treasury, from the Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi, is made. It is now at Archaeological Museum, Delphi.

Significant people